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Copper and Oxygen, when combined, form very interesting materials, including copper oxide (I) and copper oxide (ll), both minerals are found in nature and have special characteristics and particular uses. The copper oxide (II), also known as cupric oxide exists in nature as a component of minerals as tenorite and paramelaconite and extracted minerals around the world, however, there is a process to produce industrially. Copper Oxide is insoluble in water and soluble in ammonia solution. I …

A fullerene is the three-dimensional allotrope of carbon shaped like a sphere, tube or ellipsoid with the carbon molecules bound to each other through single and double bonds forming pentagonal and hexagonal fused rings. Due to their π-electrons, fullerenes exhibit interesting phenomena that are easily manipulated by chemical methods. Fullerenes are presented with the empirical formula of Cn to adopt a closed mesh morphology with the most famous member called buckminsterfullerene (som …

This is a field in which nanotechnological devices and tools are developed and applied to study a variety of biological phenomena. The use of nanotechnology allows researchers to examine and interact with biologicals and their processes at the Nano scale. Overview of NanobiotechnologyWhen did nanobiotechnology begin? Nanobiotechnology stemmed from biotechnology, where devices and machines from different disciplines like electronics, mechatronics and engineering are applied to the study of …

Gold is a rare precious metal known for as long as human history with a lot of applications in science, industry, jewelry, electronics, medicine and, etc. Elemental gold (Au) with the atomic number of 79 categorized in group 11 along with copper and silver. Gold occurs naturally as a soft reddish yellow transition metal resistant against strong acids, oxidization and corrosion with a melting point of 1064˚C. It is also resistant to most bases except for potassium cyanide.Gold compound …

Quantum dots (QDs) are generally fluorescent semiconductor nanoparticles sized less than 20 nm with each particle containing some 200 to 1000 atoms. Depending on a phenomenon called “quantum confinement” and their surface to volume ratio, quantum dots adopt particular electronic and optical properties. Vahid Javan KouzegaranAnalytical Chemist (Ph.D.) / Nanografi Nano TechnologyIntroductionQuantum dots structure is made of two main parts as a core which is protected by a shell. The …