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Germanium powder is an important chemical with a variety of applications. It was discovered by German chemist Clemens Alexander Winkler in 1866. It is one of the elements, whose properties Mendeleev predicted. Its name comes from Germania, the Latin name of Germany. It is a silver-gray, hard and very brittle semimetal with a diamond-like structure. It is widely used in semiconductors. Due to its transparency against infrared radiation, it is of great importance for spectroscopy. It is obtained f …

Iron oxide nanoparticles/nanopowder are nanoscale crystals of iron oxide (g-Fe2O3, α-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) with a considerably great surface area and surface-to-volume ratio. Iron oxide has a unique superparamagnetic property with an easy separation method. Considering their physical and chemical specifications, iron oxide nanoparticles have biomedical, environmental and agricultural applications. Iron oxide nanoparticles/nanopowder are advantageous as they can be modified by organic and inorgan …

Barium fluoride sputtering targets are thin films with applications in semiconductors, physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition. Using the sputtering technique, ultrapure barium fluoride thin films are deposited on the surface of solid substrates to protect them against the damage caused by high-energy radiations like gamma and X-ray.Barium Fluoride PropertiesA naturally occurring inorganic compound, barium fluoride (BaF2) is a white cubic crystal with the melting and boiling poin …

Zinc oxide is an important material in various different industries. Nano and microparticles of zinc oxide are obtained by different production methods and acquire different properties. Exploiting these properties enables different applications.Zinc OxideZinc Oxide (ZnO) is an odorless solid with yellowish-grey appearance. It is naturally found in nature as mineral zincite but, most of the zinc oxide supply is produced artificially [1]. Industrial large-scale production of ZnO follows thre …

The developments and improvements in nanotechnology in last decades have provided the use of nanoparticles in various areas for many applications such as biomedical, electronics, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, aerospace and so on. Inorganic nanoparticles have been widely used in various areas such as biomedicine, electronics, photonics, and thermotics due to their unique chemical and physical properties. With the help of rapid development of science technology, inorganic nanoparticles and the …