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Fullerene is an allotrope of carbon whose atoms are arranged in a closed cage of pentagonal and hexagonal rings, forming hollow spheres, tubes, or ellipsoids. The most famous fullerene is buckminsterfullerene (C₆₀), a molecule of sixty carbon atoms shaped like a soccer ball. Discovered in 1985 and recognized with the 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry, fullerenes expanded the known family of carbon allotropes beyond graphite and diamond and helped launch modern nanotechnology. This guide explains wh …