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As a silvery-white rare-earth metal, gadolinium (Gd) is a slightly malleable ductile chemical element categorized among the lanthanides in the periodic table of elements with the atomic weight and number of 157 and 64, respectively. Gadolinium engages in a gradual oxidation reaction with atmospheric moisture and oxygen. The magnetic property of gadolinium is time-dependent with ferromagnetic behavior at temperatures below 20°C (Curie point) and paramagnetic behavior at temperatures ab …

Metal organic frameworks are versatile compounds with unique properties. Their tunable porous structure is exploited by numerous different application areas such as renewable energy, environmental applications, catalysis, sensors, and biomedicine. Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are porous crystalline structures with high surface areas. The structure of MOFs is constituted by inorganic secondary building units (SBUs) and organic linker molecules between them. IntroductionSBU …

Cellulose occurs abundantly and naturally as raw material on Earth amounting billions of tons made by many different plant species. Technically, cellulose is a cheap, light-weight, thermally stable organic compound and one of the most common agents to meet the standards of sustainable chemistry since it is naturally biodegradable as well as renewable. Within plants, cellulose fibers are produced by microfibrils that are highly crystalline entity.Introduction In the past years, c …

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) are one-dimensional allotropes of carbon atoms with sp2 hybridization prepared by rolling graphene sheets up to adopt a tubular morphology. In general, one, two or more rolls of graphene sheets are known as single- (SWCNTs), double- (DWCVTs) and multi-walled graphene nanotubes (MWCNTs), respectively.Technically, single-walled carbon nanotubes have found applications in various fields of science, technology, new-age nanoelectroic devices and ind …

SOI wafers are long-standing structures that have recently attracted attention in electronic applications. SOI wafers have offered valuable solutions to the drawbacks of bulk silicon. Excellent properties of SOI wafers are utilized in CMOS/SOI circuits, high frequency applications, and MEMS devices. Silicon has been an important part of technological devices. However, as technology improved the requirement for much more efficient yet smaller devices have increased. Silicon has bec …