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The Rare Earth elements are very special and are used in most modern technologies. The Rare Earth elements include as many as 17 chemical elements, which in recent years have become very precious and refined. In many productions (magnets, catalysts, displays) the Rare Earth elements are indispensable. The Rare Earth elements are these: dysprosium (Dy), cerium (Ce), erbium (Er), gadolinium (Gd), europium (Eu), holmium (Ho), Lutetium (Lu), lanthanum (La) …

Sputtering is a physical process in which atoms in a solid-state (target) are released and pass into the gas phase by bombardment with energetic ions (mainly noble gas ions). IntroductionSputtering is usually understood as the sputter deposition, a high vacuum-based coating technique belonging to the group of PVD processes. Furthermore, sputtering in surface physics is used as a cleaning method for the preparation of high-purity surfaces and as a method for analyzing the chemical …

Solar sails to travel between the stars. Space elevators to take satellites and astronauts into orbit without using an ounce of fuel. Lighter aircraft, helicopters, sturdy and invisible to radar. These are just some of the incredible applications of graphene, the wonder material made from a single layer of carbon atoms, in the aerospace sector. Graphene is revolutionizing not only Earth but also Space. The heat dissipation capacity of graphene allows producing ever smaller and more compet …

The term "lotus effect" refers to water repellency and self-cleaning, seen in graphic mode as a drop that is kept on a surface instead of being absorbed. The origin of this expression has to do with a flower, known as “lotus flower”, which is a scientific mystery because it has not been possible to discover why it does not get wet. The hydrophobic characteristic of the lotus flower has been imitated for useful effects of human life, being one of the main tasks of nanotechnology research.L …

Gadolinium Oxide is an inorganic compound having formula as Gd2O3. Gadolinium is most commonly found in nature, as it is part of the rare earth family. In Gd2O3, Gd has a degree of oxidation of three, quite common in the compounds of this element. From this compound, the pure metal can be extracted at a zero-oxidation state. Gadolinium (III) chloride (GdCl3) can also be synthesized from gadolinium oxide. In this form, gadolinium can be used as a contrast element for magnetic resonance ima …